Public Reactions to the Cigarette Control Regulation on a Chinese Microblogging Platform: Empirical Analysis.

BACKGROUND: On January 1, 2019, a new regulation on the control of smoking in public places was officially implemented in Hangzhou, China. On the day of the implementation, a large number of Chinese media reported the contents of the regulation on the microblog platform Weibo, causing a strong response from and heated discussion among netizens. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to conduct a content and network analysis to examine topics and patterns in the social media response to the new regulation. METHODS: We analyzed all microblogs on Weibo that mentioned and explained the regulation in the first 8 days following the implementation. We conducted a content analysis on these microblogs and used social network visualization and descriptive statistics to identify key users and key microblogs. RESULTS: Of 7924 microblogs, 12.85% (1018/7924) were in support of the smoking control regulation, 84.12% (6666/7924) were neutral, and 1.31% (104/7924) were opposed to the smoking regulation control. For the negative posts, the public had doubts about the intentions of the policy, its implementation, and the regulations on electronic cigarettes. In addition, 1.72% (136/7924) were irrelevant to the smoking regulation control. Among the 1043 users who explicitly expressed their positive or negative attitude toward the policy, a large proportion of users showed supportive attitudes (956/1043, 91.66%). A total of 5 topics and 11 subtopics were identified. CONCLUSIONS: This study used a content and network analysis to examine topics and patterns in the social media response to the new smoking regulation. We found that the number of posts with a positive attitude toward the regulation was considerably higher than that of the posts with a negative attitude toward the regulation. Our findings may assist public health policy makers to better understand the policy's intentions, scope, and potential effects on public interest and support evidence-based public health regulations in the future.

Permanent education as an inalienable responsibility of health councils: the current scenario in the Unified Health System.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether health councils in Brazil carry out permanent education activities for municipal, state and federal district councilors. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study with secondary data collection in the Health Council Monitoring System (Sistema de Acompanhamento dos Conselhos de Saúde - Siacs) from May to August 2017. The Siacs is publicly accessible and available on the internet. It provides data from thousands of health councils throughout Brazil. Analysis and interpretation of the data were based on the literature and the enacted legislation, particularly Resolution 453/2012 and the National Policy of Permanent Education for Social Control in the Unified Health System (Política Nacional de Educação Permanente para o Controle Social no Sistema Único de Saúde). RESULTS: Despite the fact that Resolution 453/2012 establishes the deliberation, elaboration, support and promotion of permanent education for social control as functions of the councils (in accordance with the guidelines of the National Policy of Permanent Education), approximately 40% of councils do not carry out permanent education. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to strengthen the role of health councils in the elaboration of educational initiatives across the national territory. This includes the allocation of financial resources to increase access to and participation in these initiatives, which would strengthen social control in the Unified Health System. This study emphasizes that the discussion of permanent education is not given sufficient attention in the agendas and routines of health councils. This compromises the effectiveness of councils' monitoring and deliberation of public health policy.

Permanent education as an inalienable responsibility of health councils: the current scenario in the Unified Health System

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether health councils in Brazil carry out permanent education activities for municipal, state and federal district councilors. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study with secondary data collection in the Health Council Monitoring System (Sistema de Acompanhamento dos Conselhos de Saúde - Siacs) from May to August 2017. The Siacs is publicly accessible and available on the internet. It provides data from thousands of health councils throughout Brazil. Analysis and interpretation of the data were based on the literature and the enacted legislation, particularly Resolution 453/2012 and the National Policy of Permanent Education for Social Control in the Unified Health System (Política Nacional de Educação Permanente para o Controle Social no Sistema Único de Saúde). RESULTS: Despite the fact that Resolution 453/2012 establishes the deliberation, elaboration, support and promotion of permanent education for social control as functions of the councils (in accordance with the guidelines of the National Policy of Permanent Education), approximately 40% of councils do not carry out permanent education. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to strengthen the role of health councils in the elaboration of educational initiatives across the national territory. This includes the allocation of financial resources to increase access to and participation in these initiatives, which would strengthen social control in the Unified Health System. This study emphasizes that the discussion of permanent education is not given sufficient attention in the agendas and routines of health councils. This compromises the effectiveness of councils' monitoring and deliberation of public health policy.

Being a nurse, being a counselor: awakening to social control and public health.

OBJECTIVE: Understand the time of awakening to social control and its contributions from the perspective of health counselor nurses. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight nurses who work/worked as health counselors. The information was analyzed using the thematic analysis of Minayo. RESULTS: The interest in participating in the council emerged from the professionalization in the Family Health Strategy, whether in the continuation of the Municipal Council of Health, in the training, or in the participation in the student movement. The contributions included the development of a critical and reflective spirit, better understanding of health system management, increased sensitivity to the needs of the user, and close relationship with the community. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Despite some deficiencies and misconceptions of nurses, it is believed that nursing is on the right track in the defense and construction of a societarian project.

Being a nurse, being a counselor: awakening to social control and public health / Ser enfermero, ser consejero: despertando para el control social y salud pública / Ser enfermeiro, ser conselheiro: despertando para o controle social e saúde pública

ABSTRACT Objective: Understand the time of awakening to social control and its contributions from the perspective of health counselor nurses. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight nurses who work/worked as health counselors. The information was analyzed using the thematic analysis of Minayo. Results: The interest in participating in the council emerged from the professionalization in the Family Health Strategy, whether in the continuation of the Municipal Council of Health, in the training, or in the participation in the student movement. The contributions included the development of a critical and reflective spirit, better understanding of health system management, increased sensitivity to the needs of the user, and close relationship with the community. Final considerations: Despite some deficiencies and misconceptions of nurses, it is believed that nursing is on the right track in the defense and construction of a societarian project.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender el momento del despertar para el control social y sus contribuciones bajo la óptica de enfermeros consejeros de salud. Método: Se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada con ocho enfermeros que actúan/actuaron como consejeros de salud. Se analizaron las informaciones por medio del análisis temático de Minayo. Resultados: El interés en participar del consejo surgió a partir de la profesionalización en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia, ya sea en la prosecución del Consejo Municipal de Salud, en la formación, o sea en la participación en el movimiento estudiantil. Entre las contribuciones, se relató la formación de un espíritu crítico y reflexivo, mejor comprensión de la gestión del sistema de salud, aumento de la sensibilidad con las necesidades del usuario y acercamiento a la comunidad. Consideraciones finales: A pesar de algunas fragilidades y concepciones equivocadas de los enfermeros, se cree que la enfermería está en el camino correcto en la defensa y construcción de un proyecto societario.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender o momento do despertar para o controle social e suas contribuições sob a ótica de enfermeiros conselheiros de saúde. Método: Realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada com oito enfermeiros que atuam/atuaram como conselheiros de saúde. As informações foram analisadas por meio da análise temática de Minayo. Resultados: O interesse em participar do conselho emergiu a partir da profissionalização na Estratégia Saúde da Família, seja no prosseguimento do Conselho Municipal de Saúde, na formação ou na participação no movimento estudantil. Entre as contribuições relatou-se a formação de um espírito crítico e reflexivo, melhor compreensão da gestão do sistema de saúde, aumento da sensibilidade com as necessidades do usuário e aproximação com a comunidade. Considerações finais: Apesar de algumas fragilidades e concepções equivocadas dos enfermeiros, acredita-se que a enfermagem está no caminho certo na defesa e construção de um projeto societário.

Anti-bullying Policies and Disparities in Bullying: A State-Level Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Recent research suggests that anti-bullying laws may be effective in reducing risk of bullying victimization among youth, but no research has determined whether these laws are also effective in reducing disparities in bullying. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-bullying legislation in reducing disparities in sex- and weight-based bullying and cyberbullying victimization. METHODS: Data on anti-bullying legislation were obtained from the U.S. Department of Education, which commissioned a systematic review of 16 key components of state laws in 2011. States were also categorized based on whether their legislation enumerated protected groups and, if so, which groups were enumerated. These policy variables from 28 states were linked to individual-level data on bullying and cyberbullying victimization from students in 9th through 12th grade participating in the 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System study (N=79,577). Analyses were conducted in 2016. RESULTS: There was an absence of any kind of moderating effect of anti-bullying legislation on weight-based disparities in bullying and cyberbullying victimization. Only state laws with high compliance to Department of Education enumeration guidelines were associated with lower sex-based disparities in bullying victimization. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-bullying policies were not associated with lower weight-based disparities in bullying and cyberbullying victimization among youth, and only one form of policies (high compliance to Department of Education enumeration guidelines) was associated with lower sex-based disparities in bullying victimization. Results therefore suggest that anti-bullying legislation requires further refinement to protect youth who are vulnerable to bullying victimization.

Use of pellet guns for crowd control in Kashmir: How lethal is "non-lethal"?

The use of pellet guns during the recent unrest in Kashmir as a method of crowd control has been questioned because of several deaths and numerous injuries. Across the world, these rubber pellets have been shown to inflict serious injuries, permanent disability, and death. The volatility of mob violence, inaccuracies in aim of the pellets, over-use of the pellet guns, and the perception of their harmlessness enhances the destructive potential of these so-called non-lethal weapons. There is also the larger ethical question whether any form of pain, however minimal, could be inflicted to control violent crowds.

Finding common ground: perspectives on community-based childhood obesity prevention.

To support successful and inclusive community organizing for childhood obesity prevention, this research identified stakeholder perspectives on what communities should do to prevent childhood obesity. It employed factor analysis on statement sorts (Q methodology) conducted by 95 people in an upstate New York community. These participants sorted 36 statements about the issue by how much he or she agreed or disagreed with each. Participants were recruited through strategic snowball sampling to sample a variety of perspectives. The four resulting factors, or perspectives, were interpreted in the context of presort demographic surveys and postsort interviews. This research found one stance that fits the environmental perspective common in public health. The other three factors indicate important variations among perspectives centered on individual responsibility, ranging from libertarian to technocratic views. However, overall, results revealed a substantial degree of agreement among the four perspectives, including on providing access to family activities and on making fruits and vegetables more available and affordable, for example, through subsidies. This article points to common ground for community action on childhood obesity prevention, highlights areas likely to generate considerable contention, and shows whose views are not being accounted for in, at least, this community's childhood obesity prevention project.

National policies for risk management in Italy.

The Ministry of Health in Italy considers risk management (RM) to be one of the specific objectives to be developed by its national policies, as suggested by the European Union recommendations and by several international organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Council of Europe, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The National Health Plan stated the need to guarantee and monitor safety of health care and biomedical technology, with the development of a standardized computerized method to collect and analyze data on adverse events and with specific actions for education and training of all stakeholders, which is to be conducted at different levels of the health system governance, national, regional, and local. Over a 4-year period, the National Observatory for the Monitoring of Sentinel Events has collected data on 385 sentinel events, with a mortality rate of 54.8%. Compared with earlier reports, we have observed a reduction from 41% to 17% of sentinel events classified in the "nonspecified sentinel event" and an increase from 20% to 40% of cases in which an action plan has been developed. A manual for root cause analysis has been released with the aim of offering health operators an instrument to analyze the occurrence of an adverse event. Ten recommendations and a manual for safety in the operating room, which includes a checklist for safe surgery adapted on the basis of WHO suggestions, have been published. To date, eight guidelines for safety have been released to improve stakeholders' accountability. The Ministry of Health has also elaborated a program of specific actions to be developed over the next 2 years in several areas of RM. These initiatives confirm the strategic role of policies for RM in our country, allowing for a dynamic and proactive process, ensuring continuity of action and promoting a deep understanding of patient safety issues.

How do we assign punishment? The impact of minimal and maximal standards on the evaluation of deviants.

To explain the determinants of negative behavior toward deviants (e.g., punishment), this article examines how people evaluate others on the basis of two types of standards: minimal and maximal. Minimal standards focus on an absolute cutoff point for appropriate behavior; accordingly, the evaluation of others varies dichotomously between acceptable or unacceptable. Maximal standards focus on the degree of deviation from that standard; accordingly, the evaluation of others varies gradually from positive to less positive. This framework leads to the prediction that violation of minimal standards should elicit punishment regardless of the degree of deviation, whereas punishment in response to violations of maximal standards should depend on the degree of deviation. Four studies assessed or manipulated the type of standard and degree of deviation displayed by a target. Results consistently showed the expected interaction between type of standard (minimal and maximal) and degree of deviation on punishment behavior.

Normas uniformes sobre la igualdad de oportunidades para las personas con discapacidad: 48 período de sessiones de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, Resolución 48/96 del 20 de diciembre de 1993 / Uniform norms about the equality of opportunities for people with discapacidad: 48 period of sessions of the General Assembly of the United Nations, Resolution 48/96 of December 20 1993

Presenta Normas sobre la igualdad de oportunidades para las personas con discapacidad que fueron aprobadas por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en su cadragésimo octavo período de sesiones, mediante, resolución 48/96, del 20 de diciembre de 1993. Menciona las medidas internacionales sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad, estas normas llevan implicito el firme propósito moral y político de los estados de adoptar medidas para lograr la igualdad de oportunidades. Constituyen un instrumento normativo y de acción para personas con discapacidad y para sus organizaciones. También sientan las bases para la cooperación técnica y económica entre los Estados, las Naciones Unidas y otras organizaciones internacionales. La finalidad es garantizar que niñas y niños, mujeres y hombres con discapacidad, en su calidad de ciudadanos de sus respectivas sociedades, puedan tener los mismo derechos y obligaciones que los demás

Implementing the ICPD Programme of Action: what a difference a decade makes.

The Programme of Action adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in 1994 was conceived as a 20-year programme. Now, at its mid-point in 2004, we have reached a time for assessment and re-commitment to its goals. This paper is a reflection on some of the political and other changes that have taken place during the first ten years of the Programme of Action and their implications for its implementation in the coming decade. Many countries have gone ahead and integrated sexual and reproductive health services into primary health care, whether or not the concept has been supported at the international level, and are doing what they can to accommodate the needs of those requiring information and services. The shape of the "playing field" has changed in the past ten years and the goal posts have moved. Yet many countries are adjusting and adapting. The big question, which has yet to be answered, is whether the international community will help or hinder the efforts at country level to achieve the goal of access for all to sexual and reproductive health by 2015.